# How to read “modulo” (Math) in German? About the preposition it induces

In English there exists the proposition modulo (see also the Wiktionary entry) or modulo the fact. Any of these, however, are not proper from English, but have their origin in mathematics, presumably from the expressionp≡q mod n. Parenthetically, the fact

6 ≡ 2 (mod 4)

is extended to more general (i.e. non-mathematical situations), where you can say:

All mammals, modulo the monotremes, give birth to live young. (Example taken from Wiktionary's link above).

Now to the actual question, which is constrained to math. In German one uses the same sign, mod or X/Y for X mod Y. While usual expressions involve only mathematical objects, one usually needs to write them down with words (here is where the question might be valid here). That is, it turns out that in concrete cases, when the involved expressions have a proper name, it doesn't sound too educated if one mentions the letters. Let me bore you with a last line specifying that:

Examples:

1. Consider F/Σn where Σn has a proper name, die symmetrische Gruppe. If you want to read out or write down that in German, then modulo should be a preposition. I'd read it as:
"ef modulo der symmetrischen Gruppe"

2. Consider a≡b mod n, where a,b,n are just numbers. Then after some lines it's valid to state that as: "[hier erwähnt man n]...und modulo diese(r) Zahl, ist a gleich b"

Which case should I use for modulo? (I'm going with genitive because of the answer given here, but I'd need help from an expert.)

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Note that in German, „a gleicht b“ is not the same as „a ist gleich b“. „a gleicht b“ is more like „a is similar to b“. There is no direct correspondence to „a equals b“. –  Carsten Schultz Feb 23 at 14:47
@CarstenSchultz "a equals b" (a=b) is exactly the same as "a ist gleich b". But the usage of = is wrong here in all cases. It's about congruence which is written using the triple bar sign: ≡ (u+2261) (according to DIN1302). –  Toscho Feb 23 at 15:32
@Toscho That would be my fault. But it actually isn't, because it's kind of hard to type in LaTeX in GLU ;) Anyway everybody would understand with a =, with a ~, with what appears in LaTeX for \simeq, etc. Thanks for finding the sign. –  c.p. Feb 23 at 15:34
@Toscho, I should have been clearer. I wanted to say that there is no translation of “a equals b” that preserves the structure of the original, i.e. is of the form „a [Verb] b“. –  Carsten Schultz Feb 23 at 15:42
@CarstenSchultz Ahja, das stimmt natürlich. –  Toscho Feb 23 at 15:49

Both algebraical constructs can be expressed using modulo.

Factorized constructs like $F/\sigma_n$ are read

• F durch die symmetrische Gruppe or
• F (faktorisiert) nach der symmetrischen Gruppe or
• F modulo symmetrische Gruppe or
• F modulo der symmetrischen Gruppe (I haven't heard anybody say F modulo die symmetrische Gruppe but I wouldn't even bother if I did.)

So in this case modulo is a preposition demanding genitive (, nominative) or a special construct used as part of an attribute.

Equality inside factorized constructs like $a\equiv b mod m$ is read

• a ist kongruent (zu) b modulo m

So in this case modulo is a preposition as well but used as part of an adverb. If used with single variables like m, no case can be identified, but if used with grammatical constructs, it should be genitive. Example from Euclid's algorithm:

Bilde den Rest der ersten Variable modulo der zweiten Variable!

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Ich verbessere das jetzt nicht, weil ich nicht weiß, ob eine (vielleicht altsprachlich motivierte) Absicht dahinter stecke, aber ich denke, im Englischen ist es Euclid. –  Carsten Schultz Feb 23 at 15:52
Interessant übrigens, dass sich bei Deinem letzten Beispiel auch die Frage stellt, ob man „Variable“ als substantiviertes Adjektiv deklinieren möchte („der Variablen“). –  Carsten Schultz Feb 23 at 15:54
@CarstenSchultz Das ist meine ganz eigene Ignoranz. –  Toscho Feb 23 at 17:02
:) ............ –  Carsten Schultz Feb 23 at 18:12
Achso, wunderbar, dann kann ich dich vielleicht fragen, ob auch modulo etwa für $S^{n-1} \cong SO(n)/SO(n-1)$ geläufig ist. Oder sagt man dort durch? –  c.p. Feb 23 at 14:52