7
Indo-European *t normally becomes *Þ in proto-Germanic and then /d/ in High German. You have cited some examples for this. But thousand/tausend is an exception. In Old High German we have both the expected dūsunt and the unexpected tūsent. This variation is an example of “Notker’s Anlautgesetz”, which (simply put) stipulates that initial voiced stops b, d, g ...
6
I think the most akin thing would be either "Jacke wie Hose" (jacket like pants) or "Das Selbe in grün" (the same thing in green).
3
While in German translating the adjective is possible (see answer by a_donda, e.g. oberflächlich or flüchtig), more likely a properly modified verb is used instead or in addition, as
durchgeblättert
überflogen
quergelesen
(I don't like the word, but I also hear durchgescrollt, i. e. quickly press page down until end of document is reached, which of course ...
3
Suggested translation for "[...] so far I have only performed a high-level review":
Bislang habe ich mir lediglich einen kursorischen Überblick verschafft.
Bis jetzt hab' ich die Daten nur quer gelesen.
Ich habe mir die Daten nur oberflächlich angesehen.
Ich bin die Daten bisher nur flüchtig durchgegangen.
... and possibly others.
2
One more suggestion:
Bis jetzt konnte ich nur eine Plausibilitätsprüfung machen.
A variant with a Denglish ingredient would be
Bis jetzt konnte ich nur einen Plausibilitätscheck machen.
2
The fixed phrase "vor allem" is an adverb and can be replaced by e.g. "besonders", "insbesondere", "in erster Linie" or "vor allen Dingen".
See e.g. https://www.wortbedeutung.info/vor_allem/ or https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/vor_allem
For this meaning you have to use the fixed phrase unchanged, independent ...
1
There are new devices only for reading Ebooks.
Suggested translations:
"Es gibt neue Geräte nur um E-Books zu lesen."
"Es gibt neue Geräte nur zum Lesen von E-Books."
Note that it can mean that the "Geräte" can only read ebooks and nothing else, or only ebooks need the "Geräte" to read them, which may serve other ...
1
Translation of your first sentence:
Both translations (yours and that from the translator) are wrong. These are correct translations:
There are new devices only for reading Ebooks.
Es gibt neue Geräte nur für das Lesen von E-Books.
Es gibt neue Geräte nur zum Lesen von E-Books.
Es gibt neue Geräte nur zum E-Books-Lesen.
Es gibt neue Geräte, mit denen man ...
1
English thousand and German tausend are really cognates:
Modern German: tausend pronunciation: [ˈtaʊ̯zn̩t], [ˈtaʊ̯zɛnt]
Modern Englisch: thousand [ˈθaʊzn̩t], [ˈθaʊzənd]
Middle High German: tusend [ˈtuːzɛnt]
Old High German: thusend [ˈtʰuːzɛnt] (note, that [tʰ] is not [θ]) but also dusund [ˈduːsʊnt], [ˈduːzʊnt]
Old English: þusend (probably [ˈθuːzɛnt])
But ...
1
This is correct:
Ich möchte Sie um Verständnis für dieses Problem bitten.
I would like to ask for your understanding for this problem.
Ich möchte Sie ... bitten = I would like to ask (you)1
um Verständnis = for (your)1 understanding
für dieses Problem = for this problem
1In German you indicate the person who is asked in an accusative object (ich möchte ...
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