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Maschine is a hyperonym of Flugzeug: the latter is a kind of machine, but there are many other kinds of machines.
Seine Maschine flog nach Berlin.
In a sentence like this, the context makes it pretty clear that Maschine refers to an airplane. This figure of speech is called synecdoche. There are different types of synecdoche.
Er ging nach Amerika. (...
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Maschine is a broader term, you often hear it instead of Motorrad (motorcycle) for example. This behavior is called Totum pro parte, “the whole for a part“.
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Dass es sich bei beiden Beispielen um korrektes Deutsch handelt, steht außer Frage.
Was an der Verwendung von welcher, welch, welche und welches stilistisch unschön sein sollte, erschließt sich mir nicht. Aber Stilfragen sind nicht selten Geschmacksfragen.
So ist für meinen Geschmack das Duden-Beispiel
diejenigen, welche die beste Arbeit geleistet ...
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It acts as an intensifier in this case, the same as really can in english. A better translation of Hast Du auch alles? would be Do you really have everything?
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Yes there is a significant difference.
"Maschine" refers to any kind of machine including airplanes, typically liners
"Flugzeug" refers to an airplane of any kind including military ones
"Flugmaschine" typically refers only to small planes (with few to no passengers) including historic ones
Most "Flugzeuge" can be called "Maschine" but most "Maschinen" are ...
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As a native speaker, the second example would imply that someone / something was actively involved in the brain creation.
However, I personally would say
unser Gehirn ist dafür ausgelegt
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Would it be considered a mistake if I used it on a test?
This is impossible to answer. It depends on your teacher. If your teacher is not familiar with it, they will probably mark it as a mistake. And even if you explain this afterwards, they might be not open for internet bullshit. So do it at your own risk.
But how would we write this phenomenon ...
2
Persönlich würde Ich eher zu "Ich bin wütend" oder "Ich bin verärgert" tendieren.
Umgangssprachlich würde man im Deutschen "Ich bin ärgerlich" normalerweise nicht verwenden.
Im normalen Sprachgebrauch wird "ärgerlich" im Kontext "Etwas ist ärgerlich" verwendet.
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Ärgerlich ist etwas speziell, weil es (zumindest historisch) beide Deutungen zulässt. Häufiger ist, wie bei erstaunlich/erstaunt, dass das Adjektiv auf -lich einen möglichen Auslöser für etwas beschreibt, (also "kann Anlass zu Erstaunen geben"), während erstaunt nur sich für die Empfängerseite des Erstaunens eignet.
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Probably no native speaker would use either of those in that context.
I would disagree with the previous answers, as I can say "Ich habe eine Liste angelegt" ("I made a list"), which is me being actively involved in its creation.
According to the Duden,
"Anlegen" means that you create a structure or structured thing. For example a statistic, a document or ...
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