As is most often the case, it is simply a matter of just being an established convention. IDIOM if you like. And idiom is by definition non-explicit. Also prepositions e.g. durch or through are inconsistently used in different languages "den ganzen Tag ueber"über", (through the day).
Now while durch seems to suggest a flow of stuff between recipients, geteilt auf might have, by by an accident of history, become the most fitting idiom for the act of arithmetical division.