In many cases you can simply change the position of the "nicht" and the meaning of the sentence is still the same.

However the difference seems (I'm not absolutely sure) to be that you deny the word which is following the word "nicht":

Im Sommer kann sie nicht ihr langes Programm machen.

... however she can do something different.

Sie kann ihr langes Programm nicht im Sommer machen.

... however she can do it in other times of the year.

Im Sommer macht nicht sie ihr langes Programm.

... however someone different does it.

Denying the verb is a bit more complex: if a sentence does not contain an infinitive nor an auxiliary verb you put the "nicht" at the end of the sentence; otherwise you put it in front of the infinitive or participle:

Sie macht das Programm nicht.

 

Sie hat das Programm nicht gemacht.

 

Sie will das Programm nicht machen.

(Note: For "separable verbs" like "einkaufen" it is a bit more complex.)

To deny the entire sentence you typically deny the verb.

At least for all of your examples this works. In all these examples you could move the word "nicht" into another position to deny another part of the sentence.

However the following example is interesting:

... dass Frodo den Ring ins Feuer nicht werfen konnte. (Wrong?)

It seems to sound very strange when denying the (non-separable) verb in a sentence containing a preposition (here "ins"). Therefore the translator of the story denied the word "ring" to deny the entire sentence and not the verb.

I myself however would have denied the part "into the fire" to deny the entire sentence:

... dass Frodo den Ring nicht ins Feuer werfen konnte.

So you have a perfect example where two different native speakers would put the word "nicht" in a different position.

By the way:

Er konnte nicht dem Druck überwinden, dem die Föderation ihn unterwarf.

I'm not absolutely sure but I think that the first "dem" should be "den" because the verb "überwinden" is formed with an accussative. The second "dem" however seems to be correct: It is used with the verb "unterwerfen" which is requires a dative here:

Er konnte nicht den Druck überwinden, dem die Föderation ihn unterwarf.

In many cases you can simply change the position of the "nicht" and the meaning of the sentence is still the same.

However the difference seems (I'm not absolutely sure) to be that you deny the word which is following the word "nicht":

Im Sommer kann sie nicht ihr langes Programm machen.

... however she can do something different.

Sie kann ihr langes Programm nicht im Sommer machen.

... however she can do it in other times of the year.

Im Sommer macht nicht sie ihr langes Programm.

... however someone different does it.

Denying the verb is a bit more complex: if a sentence does not contain an infinitive nor an auxiliary verb you put the "nicht" at the end of the sentence; otherwise you put it in front of the infinitive or participle:

Sie macht das Programm nicht.

Sie hat das Programm nicht gemacht.

Sie will das Programm nicht machen.

(Note: For "separable verbs" like "einkaufen" it is a bit more complex.)

To deny the entire sentence you typically deny the verb.

At least for all of your examples this works. In all these examples you could move the word "nicht" into another position to deny another part of the sentence.

However the following example is interesting:

... dass Frodo den Ring ins Feuer nicht werfen konnte. (Wrong?)

It seems to sound very strange when denying the (non-separable) verb in a sentence containing a preposition (here "ins"). Therefore the translator of the story denied the word "ring" to deny the entire sentence and not the verb.

I myself however would have denied the part "into the fire" to deny the entire sentence:

... dass Frodo den Ring nicht ins Feuer werfen konnte.

So you have a perfect example where two different native speakers would put the word "nicht" in a different position.

By the way:

Er konnte nicht dem Druck überwinden, dem die Föderation ihn unterwarf.

I'm not absolutely sure but I think that the first "dem" should be "den" because the verb "überwinden" is formed with an accussative. The second "dem" however seems to be correct: It is used with the verb "unterwerfen" which is requires a dative here:

Er konnte nicht den Druck überwinden, dem die Föderation ihn unterwarf.

In many cases you can simply change the position of the "nicht" and the meaning of the sentence is still the same.

However the difference seems (I'm not absolutely sure) to be that you deny the word which is following the word "nicht":

Im Sommer kann sie nicht ihr langes Programm machen.

... however she can do something different.

Sie kann ihr langes Programm nicht im Sommer machen.

... however she can do it in other times of the year.

Im Sommer macht nicht sie ihr langes Programm.

... however someone does it.

Denying the verb is a bit more complex: if a sentence does not contain an infinitive nor an auxiliary verb you put the "nicht" at the end of the sentence; otherwise you put it in front of the infinitive or participle:

Sie macht das Programm nicht.

Sie hat das Programm nicht gemacht.

Sie will das Programm nicht machen.

To deny the entire sentence you typically deny the verb.

At least for all of your examples this works. In all these examples you could move the word "nicht" into another position to deny another part of the sentence.

However the following example is interesting:

... dass Frodo den Ring ins Feuer nicht werfen konnte. (Wrong?)

It seems to sound very strange when denying the verb in a sentence containing a preposition (here "ins"). Therefore the translator of the story denied the word "ring" to deny the entire sentence and not the verb.

I myself however would have denied the part "into the fire" to deny the entire sentence:

... dass Frodo den Ring nicht ins Feuer werfen konnte.

So you have a perfect example where two different native speakers would put the word "nicht" in a different position.

By the way:

Er konnte nicht dem Druck überwinden, dem die Föderation ihn unterwarf.

I'm not absolutely sure but I think that the first "dem" should be "den" because the verb "überwinden" is formed with an accussative. The second "dem" however seems to be correct: It is used with the verb "unterwerfen" which is requires a dative here:

Er konnte nicht den Druck überwinden, dem die Föderation ihn unterwarf.

In many cases you can simply change the position of the "nicht" and the meaning of the sentence is still the same.

However the difference seems (I'm not absolutely sure) to be that you deny the word which is following the word "nicht":

Im Sommer kann sie nicht ihr langes Programm machen.

... however she can do something different.

Sie kann ihr langes Programm nicht im Sommer machen.

... however she can do it in other times of the year.

Im Sommer macht nicht sie ihr langes Programm.

... however someone different does it.

Denying the verb is a bit more complex: if a sentence does not contain an infinitive nor an auxiliary verb you put the "nicht" at the end of the sentence; otherwise you put it in front of the infinitive or participle:

Sie macht das Programm nicht.

Sie hat das Programm nicht gemacht.

Sie will das Programm nicht machen.

(Note: For "separable verbs" like "einkaufen" it is a bit more complex.)

To deny the entire sentence you typically deny the verb.

At least for all of your examples this works. In all these examples you could move the word "nicht" into another position to deny another part of the sentence.

However the following example is interesting:

... dass Frodo den Ring ins Feuer nicht werfen konnte. (Wrong?)

It seems to sound very strange when denying the (non-separable) verb in a sentence containing a preposition (here "ins"). Therefore the translator of the story denied the word "ring" to deny the entire sentence and not the verb.

I myself however would have denied the part "into the fire" to deny the entire sentence:

... dass Frodo den Ring nicht ins Feuer werfen konnte.

So you have a perfect example where two different native speakers would put the word "nicht" in a different position.

By the way:

Er konnte nicht dem Druck überwinden, dem die Föderation ihn unterwarf.

I'm not absolutely sure but I think that the first "dem" should be "den" because the verb "überwinden" is formed with an accussative. The second "dem" however seems to be correct: It is used with the verb "unterwerfen" which is requires a dative here:

Er konnte nicht den Druck überwinden, dem die Föderation ihn unterwarf.