When to use 'Ich bin', 'es geht mir', 'Ich habe' and 'mir ist'?

Question

If you wanted to translate "I'm hot" into German, like "I'm burning up cause it's hot outside", it would translate to "Ich bin heiß" which has a bad connotation. So it is translated to "Mir ist heiß".

If you wanted to say "I'm in a good mood" you wouldn't say "Ich bin gute Laune" instead you would say "Ich habe gute Laune".

In which cases do you use each one?

Answer 1

You use Ich bin if you want to describe a condition or state using the adjective or a substantive preceded by an adjective and the word "in":

Ich bin gelangweilt. _{I am bored.}

Ich bin hungrig. _{I am hungry.}

Ich bin in guter Laune. _{I am in a good mood.}

Ich bin in guter Verfassung. _{I am in a good condition.}

And if you are burning then you can say:

Ich bin heiß. _{I am hot.}

Otherwise this has just a figurative meaning of being sexually attractive, thus you can say about a gorgeous woman:

Sie ist heiß. _{She's hot.}

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You use Mir ist to describe a feeling using an adjective

Mir ist langweilig. _{I am bored.}

Mir ist schwindelig. _{I feel dizzy.}

Mir ist kalt. _{I feel cold.}

Most times when you would use I feel in English you can translate it with Mir ist into German.

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You use Ich habe to describe a feeling, using the substantive (which again can be preceded by an adjective)

Ich habe schlechte Laune. _{I am in a bad mood.}

Ich habe Hunger. _{I am hungry.}

Ich habe Fieber. _{I have fever.}

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You use es geht mir only to describe how things are going. In essence, there are just three situations: A good, a bad and neutral one.

Es geht mir gut. _{I am fine.}

Es geht mir schlecht. _{I am awful.}

Es geht so. _{I am so-so.}

Answer 2

"Es geht mir heiß" is wrong. You'd say "mir ist heiß" instead (see also this thread).

You say "ich habe" (not: "have") if followed by a noun describing your mood. For example, "gute Laune" is a (qualified) noun, therefore you say "ich habe gute Laune". "Ich bin gute Laune" would mean that you are the mood, which is obviously wrong. However, in this case you could say "ich bin guter Laune" instead.

"Es geht mir" is exclusively used with words in the "good/bad" scale, e.g. "es geht mir gut", "es geht mir schlecht", "es geht mir mittelmäßig", "es geht mir prima", etc.

For adjectives you'd use either "ich bin" or "mir ist", but I don't know a good rule when to use which. Note that there's also "mir ist schlecht" which has a slightly different meaning than "Es geht mir schlecht". "Es geht mir schlecht" means you don't feel well, while "mir ist schlecht" means you feel like vomiting.

Here are a few cases:

• Ich bin hungrig – I'm hungry
• Ich bin durstig – I'm thirsty
• Ich bin müde – I'm tired
• Ich bin wütend – I'm angry
• Mir ist warm – I'm hot
• Mir ist schwindlig – I'm dizzy
• Mir ist langweilig – I'm bored