When I asked my teacher for the gender of Mensa, she replied that it is feminine, because the Latin word mensa is feminine. When it comes to words that share the same spelling in both German and Latin, is this generally true?
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I see a strong pattern of gender preservation, even regarding exceptions to word-ending gender rules. For example, the general rule regarding words ending in -ik is that they are feminine (e.g., Musik, Statistik). Compare with the exception Atlantik. In Spanish, for exmple, they correspond to Musica, Estadística (f), but Atlántico (m). When you see the Spanish counterparts, the exception makes sense.– Nicolas MiariCommented Oct 28, 2016 at 10:20
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There is also a rule for words ending in -ei being female (e.g. [de] Polizei, [es] Policía). The exception, Papagei, (parrot) is cognate with the spanish word Papagallo.– Nicolas MiariCommented Oct 28, 2016 at 10:22
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I can only speak authoritatively for Spanish, which is my native tonge, but I'm sure it also applies (largely) to the other romance languages.– Nicolas MiariCommented Oct 28, 2016 at 10:23
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4 Answers
It is largely true, but there are exceptions with false etymologies or old words that have been modified a lot or words that look like the opposite Latin gender to a non-expert.
For example:
fenestra (Latin, female) -> Fenster (German, neutral), both mean window.
arcubalista (Latin=archer, male) -> Armbrust (German=crossbow, female, false etymology arm+breast).
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2Note: Those words do not have the same spelling in German and Latin.– BlackCommented Feb 26, 2012 at 12:27
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These are not loan words from Latin to New High German, but descendants of ancient Germanic borrowings from Latin.– fdbCommented Jun 21, 2018 at 13:28
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Also, in English the genders are called "masculine" (not "male"), "feminine" (not "female") and "neuter" (not "neutral").– fdbCommented Jun 21, 2018 at 13:29
Latin and Greek were both very alive in Germany in the 19th century. This might be one reason why this kind of argumentation and also the knowledge of which latin ending belongs to which gender is still very common. (And a word like "Mensa" might even be introduced during just that very time, but that's just a guess.)
A nice example of how this works in German is the plural of the word "Status". "status" derives from Latin and belongs to the rather uncommon u-declination, so its plural is "status" [ˈstaːtuːs]. This is still the "official" plural in German, too. (according to Duden, for example).
However, you'll hardly ever hear [ˈstaːtuːs]. Instead, people will use "Statusse", or - and now comes my point - if they try to be clever "Stati", assuming this would be a Latin o-declination.
So, the connection between -a -> female and -us -> male, plural -i is obviously very well known. Probably because its one of the first things you'll learn in Latin lessons, so it stuck with people. :) Another one is -or, which is always anticipated to be male.
Word like "Fenster" and "Mauer" came to German ages ago, so the connection got lost completely. Also, there's no -a or -us in there so you can't really see where it is coming from.
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3Thanks for pointing out the status one. One of my pet peeves. In addition the neutrum nominative plural ending on "a" is often confused with the feminine nominative singular.– JulesCommented Sep 12, 2011 at 16:12
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Another example is virus, which is neutral in Latin, but looks like a masculine noun. Consequently, both das Virus and der Virus are in use.– chirluCommented Oct 18, 2013 at 5:13
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As long as you don't use viri or, worse, virii in the plural ...– IngmarCommented May 29, 2014 at 4:19
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In Classical Latin, "status" actually has a short a sound, so the Classical Latin plural is not [ˈstaːtuːs] but [ˈstatuːs].– sumelicCommented Feb 19, 2020 at 7:02
I think that it's important to distinguish between two types:
Words that were adopted into the german language in old times, maybe even during the roman empire. As the other contributors have pointed out, these words have changed and degenerated over the centuries and now have often different articles than their origins.
Words that found their way into German through Latin as the language of science in Germany until the early twentieth century. (I still have an old Greek dictionary from school with a preface in Latin. And I'm only 23.) Those words were - and still are - majorly used by the educated classes and have preserved their gender and orthography.
So - to answer your actual question - if you find a word that has exactly the same spelling in German and Latin, you can be pretty sure that it belongs to that second type and has preserved its gender.
As always: Be aware of traps!
answered Oct 17, 2013 at 21:52
I think it's true for words with the exact same spelling, although I think the overwhelming number of loanwords have changed spelling and pronunciation in their German version. For these cases there are exceptions, for example:
- das Fenster - fenestra, -ae
- die Mauer - murus, -i
answered May 24, 2011 at 20:19
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Mauer und murus seems to be cognates but I am not sure you could invoke direct import.– ogerardCommented May 25, 2011 at 9:56
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@ogerard: I remember having learned that in a history lesson of "what have the Romans done for us". ^^– ladybugCommented Jun 9, 2011 at 22:14
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4@ladybug: "Except sanitation, medicine, education, wine, public order, irrigation, roads, a fresh water system, public health and peace, what have the Romans ever done for us?!" - But that wasn't a history lesson, IIRC. Commented Sep 13, 2012 at 5:56