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First beware that this is a typical case of academia varies more than you think it does. There is no general rule on how doctoral exams are done; instead, this is decided by the faculty. As a conseque …

Apart from the incorrect form of haben, example 1) is correct: Er hat tanzen dürfen, aber ich habe nicht gedurft. This is because dürfen is a full verb in the second part of the sentence (in con …

First of all, something regarding the adaption of place names in general: We only use adapted names for places that have been of historical importance to Germany – at least I do not know of any place …

Da das Wort corporatocracy selbst auf den englischen Varianten eines lateinischen (corporatio) und griechischen Wortes (krátos, κράτος) beruht, liegt es nahe deren deutschen Varianten zu benutzen, wom …

The central problem is how to translate the respective disciplines. The most common ways to denote a discipline are: [Corresponding Latin word] + -istik. [Corresponding Greek word] + -logie. [Corres …

Having spent some time in academia now and having talked to many German academians, I am pretty convinced that there is no German word matching the English paper or article (which do not mean exactly …

Depending on the context, ganz unten/niedrig in der Hackordnung may fit. It refers to somebody or something ranking lowest in some hierarchy. Literally it means at the bottom end of the pecking order. …

Consider sich an etwas die Zähne ausbeißen. It means that you are failing to solve some problem despite putting a lot of effort in it. Literally, it means to bite out one’s own teeth. (I always associ …

Es ist auch möglich (und meiner Wahrnehmung nach nicht völlig ungeläufig), wann und ob zu substantivieren, allerdings im Genitiv: Es ist nicht eine Frage des Obs, sondern des Wanns. Oder auch (m …

I will focus on the modes and times in this answer and not on wholly different approaches to saying this. The subclause “dass es so schlecht wäre” (or similar) is similar to indirect speech and thus …

Erstmal ist der Satz, den Du übersetzen möchtest, vermutlich der zweite Teil eines irrealen Bedingungsgefüges, z. B.: Why didn’t you ask? We would have told you? Warum hast du nicht gefragt? Wir …

If this is about the nickname of a criminal (like der Vampir von Düsseldorf – the vampire of Düsseldorf), a possible German adaption of the name would be Feuerteufel. I would not go as far as calling …

I would employ the term Mittlerer Westen (the Midwest) for the North Central States because that’s a term that is often used in German media and similar. Thus, for the West North Central States, you w …

In my experience from a neighbouring field, window in this sense is generally translated to Fenster in German, which is confirmed, e.g., by the German Wikipedia article on Fensterfunktion. Going from …

Legally, the English trespass to land and the German Hausfriedensbruch are mostly analogous: You unlawfully and intentionally enter another’s land. So, technically Hausfriedensbruch would be an accept …